Before I go ranting, I assumed all of you understand how a Single Lens Reflex (SLR) camera work. If you don't, please read it here in Wikipedia.
Cross-section of a SLR camera
1) Front mount lens
2) Reflex mirror, instant return
3) Focal plane shutter
4) Film or digital sensor
5) Focusing screen
6) Fresnel lens
7) Pentaprism
8) Eyepiece